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The ecbi LDC Circle
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Public Library
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Documents which have been submitted by members of the Circle for the
public domain, can be downloaded from this page for public viewing.
Listed in reverse chronological order
Publisher: UNFCCC Year: 2011 Contributed on 28th November 2012 by LDC Administrator on the topic: Review 2013-15 Abstract: The Review to be held from 2013-2015 is a key mechanism to assess the adequacy of the long-term global goal, with a view to strengthening the goal to reflect the LDC preference for keeping the long-term increase in temperature to below 1.5°C above preindustrial levels. In Durban, parties will have to make a number of decisions related to further defining the scope of the Review and its modalities. What are the key elements in Durban for the LDCs to consider? |
Publisher: UNFCCC Year: 2011 Contributed on 28th November 2012 by LDC Administrator on the topic: Mitigation Abstract: This paper shows that ambitious global greenhouse gas mitigation action in a transparent and effective international climate regime is of great importance to LDCs. Through such ambitious global mitigation, impacts and damage to LDCs can be limited, and financial and technological flows can be generated from developed to developing countries.
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Title: How could LDCs benefit from NAMAs?
Author: Sandra Freitas, Kirsten Macey, Marion Vieweg and Laetitia De MarezPublisher: UNFCCC Year: 2011 Contributed on 28th November 2012 by LDC Administrator on the topic: NAMAs Abstract: For LDCs to be able to effectively participate in NAMAs, it is essential that they are able to which can support NAMAs formulation and the full cost of enabling measures to initiate mitigation actions, including their technology and capacity building needs for monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV). The current practice in climate finance, demonstrated in the way fast-start funding is provided, is donor driven. It is obvious that the value for money, primarily linked to the carbon dioxide emission reductions achieved for the investment, will keep playing an important role in the future financial structure. Considering these developments, it is essential to ensure that LDCs’ interests are elaborated now. Although LDCs benefit from flexibility regarding reporting issues under the Cancun A greements, their engagement in a NAMA process will also require further decisions to provide support and improve the MRV of these actions, especially if they are supported by the international community. |
Publisher: UNFCCC Year: 2011 Contributed on 28th November 2012 by LDC Administrator on the topic: 1.5C & 2C degrees warming, Cancun Abstract: This paper reviews the scientific literature on impacts for 1.5 and 2°C warming levels with focus on risks for LDCs. We summarize observed impacts in LDCs that have been related to global mean temperature and provide an overview of projected future changes. This comprises a wide range of impacts along the causal chain of global warming: sea level rise, extreme events (e.g. droughts, floods, tropical storms), impacts on natural ecosystems, economic impacts (e.g. on agriculture, fisheries, tourism), food and water security, and health. |
Publisher: UNFCCC Year: 2012 Contributed on 28th November 2012 by LDC Administrator on the topic: Adaptation, mitigation, long-term source Abstract: This paper reviews possible sources of finance for climate change adaptation and mitigation activities in developing countries – particularly the sources under consideration by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the High-level Advisory Group on Climate Change Financing (AGF), and the G20 finance ministers. |
Publisher: UNFCCC Year: 2011 Contributed on 28th November 2012 by LDC Administrator on the topic: Mitigation, NAMA pledges, financing mech Abstract: The concept of Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) emerged at the thirteenth session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 13) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Bali in December 2007.
The Bali Action Plan (BAP) established the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action (AWG-LCA) to address a number of subject areas and thus pave the way to a new agreement on climate action. These included the mandate to address enhanced national/international action on mitigation of climate change by developed and developing country Parties.
With regard to developing countries, the BAP states that the Parties would consider: “Nationally appropriate mitigation actions by developing country parties in the context of sustainable development, supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity-building, in a measurable, reportable and verifiable manner”. |
Publisher: UNFCCC Year: 2011 Contributed on 28th November 2012 by LDC Administrator on the topic: International Law, Climate Law, Multilat Abstract: Overview of key points in international law related to Multilateral Environmental Agreements such as the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol |
Publisher: UNFCCC Year: 2011 Contributed on 28th November 2012 by LDC Administrator on the topic: Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund, Ba Abstract: Bangladesh was one of the first LDCs to complete its National Adaptation programme of Action (NAPA), listing “urgent and immediate” adaptation needs. The NAPA was funded by the UNFCCC’s LDC Fund (as were the NAPAs carried out by other LDCs), and followed the guidelines provided by the international community and the UNFCCC’s LDC Expert Group. It consisted mainly of a list of stand-alone adaptation actions.
Upon its completion, policy makers in Bangladesh realized that the NAPA was an inadequate plan, which did not address the magnitude of the climate change problem in the country. The government of Bangladesh then undertook a more comprehensive planning process, with its own financial and intellectual resources. The Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP) was completed and presented to the Cabinet of Bangladesh in 2009. The BCCSAP was a much more comprehensive strategy listing six pillars (including mitigation, which was not part of the NAPA) and over forty actions.
The Bangladesh Minster of Finance felt that immediate action on the BCCSAP was so crucial, that the country should initiate action with national funds, rather than wait for finance from the international community. At the same time, since the costs involved were far greater than the government could provide on its own, they appealed to the international community for assistance and donations. This resulted in the creation of two separate funds: the Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund (BCCTF), and the Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund (BCCRF). |
Publisher: UNFCCC Year: 2011 Contributed on 28th November 2012 by LDC Administrator on the topic: IAPAL Abstract: Several innovative, market-based financing mechanisms for climate action have been proposed in recent years. Few, however, are under the direct championship of developing countries, or address adaptation specifically. The International Air Passenger Adaptation Levy (IAPAL) stands out as the most adaptation-focused innovative financing instrument, with the potential to generate US$ 8-10 billion annually. If most of this amount is made available to developing countries, it will be the largest injection of adaptation funding from all sources combined so far.
Some Least Developed Countries (LDC), however, fear that this boost could come at a cost to them. Essentially, because the levy is proposed for all international air travel, they fear that it could affect tourist arrivals in LDCs whose economies are dependent on tourism. IAPAL could also be regarded as making developing countries pay for adapting to impacts of climate change, which would be contrary to the Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibility and Respective Capabilities, enshrined in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). These concerns could cause opposition to IAPAL from within developing countries themselves, in addition to the obvious opposition that is expected from the aviation industry, which has its own economic interests.
This policy brief addresses some of the concerns regarding IAPAL based on the experiences of other similar instruments, suggesting ways to balance the concerns of negative impacts with the real need for predictable and additional finance. |
Publisher: UNFCCC Year: 2012 Contributed on 28th November 2012 by LDC Administrator on the topic: NAPAs, Least Developed Countries Fund (L Abstract: The LDCs would like to underscore that the implementation of all the elements of the LDC work programme, in particular the national adaptation programmes of action (NAPAs) among them, is of paramount importance for the group. The LDCs acknowledge that good progress has occurred on the preparation of NAPAs, and that works has also started on the implementation phase. However, a lot remains to be done to accelerate the full implementation of the NAPAs and all the other elements of the LDC work programme other than NAPAs. The group strongly believes that appropriate decisions in Doha are needed to advance these issues to ensure expedited actions by the GEF and its agencies in providing support to both the implementation of NAPAs and the other elements of the LDC work programme. |
Publisher: UNFCCC Year: 2012 Contributed on 28th November 2012 by LDC Administrator on the topic: Loss and Damage Abstract: Throughout 2012, the Least Developed Countries (LDC) group has participated actively in the activities of the work programme, which have included an expert meeting on assessing loss and damage, and regional expert meetings to examine a range of approaches to address loss and damage (thematic areas 1 and 2 of the work programme). With this submission, the LDC group would like to express its views on thematic area three of the SBI Work Programme on Loss and Damage – the role of the Convention - and on key concerns and needs related to loss and damage both now and in the future. |
Publisher: UNFCCC Year: 2012 Contributed on 28th November 2012 by LDC Administrator on the topic: decision 1/CP17, ADP Abstract: All Parties in Durban agreed to extend the AWG-LCA for one year in order for it to continue its work and reach the agreed outcome pursuant to decision 1/CP.17. The LDC would like to stress that further extension of the AWG-LCA track will burden the negotiation in too many tracks (ADP, AWG-LCA and AWG-KP) that will not be an efficient workload to manage. Therefore, LDCs emphasize on the successful completion of the AWG-LCA by COP18 in Doha; remaining elements and gaps under the AWG – LCA must be dealt within a very effective manner in the most appropriate body including in the ADP. |
Publisher: UNFCCC Year: 2012 Contributed on 27th November 2012 by LDC Administrator on the topic: new market mechanism, various approaches Abstract: |
Publisher: UNFCCC Year: 2012 Contributed on 27th November 2012 by LDC Administrator on the topic: ADP Abstract: |
Publisher: UNFCCC Year: 2012 Contributed on 27th November 2012 by LDC Administrator on the topic: para 1 of Annex IV, technical experts Abstract: The LDCs welcome the -X/COP.17 decision on guidelines and modalities for BURs and ICA, which provide flexibility to LDCs and SIDS to undertake these processes aimed at enhancing reporting at their own discretion. LDCs would like to call upon Parties to provide sufficient resources to such LDCs willing to undertake the exercise of BURs.
The decision in Durban also agreed that ICA will be conducted for developing country Parties based on the BURs. The LDCs therefore believe that these new reporting and review elements should enhance the current national communication reporting which includes the work of the Consultative Group of Experts.
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Publisher: UNFCCC Year: 2012 Contributed on 27th November 2012 by LDC Administrator on the topic: paras 83 & 84 Durban AWG-LCA Abstract: The LDCs believe that the new market-based mechanism referred into paragraph 83 of the Durban LCA conclusion needs to be further defined and its modalities and procedures clarified. This is essential to ensure real, permanent, additional and verified mitigation outcomes, avoid double counting of effort and achieve a net decrease and/ or avoidance of greenhouse gas emissions while supporting the sustainable development of host countries. |
Publisher: UNFCCC Year: 2012 Contributed on 27th November 2012 by LDC Administrator on the topic: paras 79 and 80, Ad Hoc Working Group on Abstract: This submission first presents the experiences by the LDCs as a group with the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). It then briefly indicates pathways outlining possible directions for the post-2012 climate negotiations related to the current flexible mechanism, in particular, the current CDM procedures under the KP. These recommendations will serve as a basis for the second submission referred into paragraph 85 of the LCA outcome from Durban, regarding new flexible mechanisms under ADP. |
Publisher: UNFCCC Year: 2012 Contributed on 27th November 2012 by LDC Administrator on the topic: agriculture Abstract: Agriculture is important to all LDCs. In most LDCs, well over 80% of the economically- active population, particularly small holder farmers and pastoralists rely on agriculture for livelihoods, employment, and income-generation. In addition, the sector contributes significantly to GDP in most LDCs. However, agricultural production has been declining in the recent past, affecting food security and livelihoods. The challenges arising from climate change will worsen the situation. Agriculture is not perceived in terms of its contribution to the growth process through increased productivity, but mainly in the context of sustaining food security. Climate change is threatening food production systems and therefore the livelihoods and food security of hundreds of millions of people who depend on agriculture in the group. |
Publisher: UNFCCC Year: 2012 Contributed on 27th November 2012 by LDC Administrator on the topic: Specific Research Themes Abstract: Views from Parties on specific themes to be addressed at the research dialogue meeting to be held in conjunction with the thirty-sixth session of the SBSTA, and Information from Parties on the technical and scientific aspects of emissions by sources, removals by sinks. |
Publisher: UNFCCC Year: 2012 Contributed on 27th November 2012 by LDC Administrator on the topic: Joint Implementation guidelines Abstract: The LDCs welcome the report by the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee (JISC) found in document FCCC/KP/CMP/2011/9. While the LDCs are not beneficiaries of the Joint Implementation flexible mechanism in the Kyoto Protocol, they are concerned about any revisions of the flexible mechanisms and its implications to the Kyoto Protocol architecture.
In particular, the group has concerns with the treatment of emission reduction units from Joint Implementation (JI) projects after the first commitment period. The decision in Durban on the Kyoto Protocol 1/CMP.7, agreed that the second commitment period would start on 1 January 2013. Therefore, there should not be a gap between commitment periods and no need to address the issuance of Emission Reduction Units (ERUs).
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Publisher: UNFCCC Year: 2012 Contributed on 27th November 2012 by LDC Group on the topic: decision 1/CP.16, paras 68.70 and 72, fi Abstract: |
Publisher: UNFCCC Year: 2012 Contributed on 27th November 2012 by LDC Administrator on the topic: Mandate of the Consultative Group of Exp Abstract: The COP decision at its 17th Session recognized the CGE’s role to include the possible facilitation of technical advice and support for the preparation and submission of the first biennial update report for non-Annex I Parties, the updates of GHG inventories, the information on mitigation actions, and the needs and support received. The CGE is also mentioned as being one of the groups engaging with the Adaptation Committee, attending meetings of the Adaptation Committee as appropriate. As a capacity building body, the CGE is listed as an important body to continue doing so in the COP17 LCA decision on capacity building. Therefore, the continued relevance of the CGE remains clear in the COP17 decisions.
As the CGE reviews its mandate, gender considerations should be one of the issues it decides to include as it contributes to work under enhanced action on mitigation, enhanced action on adaptation and capacity building under the LCA discussions and related COP decisions all of which address socio-economic issues, including gender. |
Publisher: UNFCCC Year: 2012 Contributed on 27th November 2012 by LDC Administrator on the topic: Durban Platform for Enhanced Action, inc Abstract: The least developed countries (LDCs) group welcomes the invitation to submit their views on the range of actions to be explored to increase the level of ambition. The LDCs consider that addressing the ambition gap and ensuring the level of ambition is increased is one of the fundamental issues that need to be resolved in 2012 to safeguard the most vulnerable countries and avoid any further increase in adaptation needs. The LDCs stress that action to increase ambition must be agreed “as early as possible” as set out in the ADP text and ahead of and independently of the final conclusions of the ADP in 2015. |
Publisher: UNFCCC Year: 2012 Contributed on 27th November 2012 by LDC Administrator on the topic: decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 72 and appen Abstract: |
Publisher: Year: 2012 Contributed on 2nd May 2012 by Benito Müller on the topic: LDC Submission Abstract: Submission by the Gambia on behalf of the Least Developed Countries (LDC) group on Ad hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action
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